A. Peer-Reviewed
A36 Bloxham, J., Cao, H., Stevenson, D.J., Connerney, J.E. and Bolton, S.J., 2024. A rapidly time-varying equatorial jet in Jupiter’s deep interior. Nature, 627, 64-66. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07046-3
A35 Cao, H., Bloxham, J., Park, R.S., Militzer, B., Yadav, R.K., Kulowski, L., Stevenson, D.J. and Bolton, S.J., 2023. Strong resemblance between surface and deep zonal winds inside Jupiter revealed by high-degree gravity moments. The Astrophysical Journal 959, 78, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0cbb, arXiv:2311.11494
A34 Cao, H., Dougherty, M.K., Hunt, G.J., Bunce, E.J., Christensen, U.R., Khurana, K.K., Kivelson, M.G., 2023. Saturn’s Magnetic Field at Unprecedented Detail Achieved by Cassini’s Close Encounters. In Saturn after the Cassini Grand Finale edited by Kevin Baines, Michael Flasar, Norbert Krupp, and Thomas Stallard, Cambridge University Press. arXiv:2301.02756
A33 Yadav, R.K., Cao, H., Bloxham, J., 2022. A Global Simulation of the Dynamo, Zonal Jets, and Vortices on Saturn. The Astrophysical Journal 940, 185, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d94, arXiv:2212.10617
A32 Kamran, A., Bunce, E.J., Cowley, S.W.H., James, M.K., Nichols, J.D., Provan, G., Cao, H., Hue, V., Greathouse, T.K, Gladstone, G.R., 2022. Azimuthal field signatures associated with magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in the Jovian magnetosphere: Comparison between Juno observations and theoretical modelling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127, e2022JA030431. doi:10.1029/2022JA030431
A31 Militzer, B., Hubbard, W.B., Wahl, S, Lunine, J.I., Galanti, E., Kaspi, Y., Miguel, Y., Guillot, T., Moore, K.M., Parisi, M., Connerney, J.E.P., Helled, R., Cao, H., Mankovich, C., Stevenson, D.J., Park, R.S., Wong, M., Atreya, S., Anderson, J., Bolton, S., 2022. Juno Spacecraft Measurements of Jupiter’s Gravity Imply a Dilute Core. Planetary Science Journal 3, 185, doi:10.3847/PSJ/ac7ec8
A30 Bloxham, J., Moore, K.M., Kulowski, L., Cao, H., Yadav, R.K., Stevenson, D.J. Connerney, J.E.P., Bolton, S., 2022. Differential Rotation in Jupiter’s Interior Revealed by Simultaneous Inversion for the Magnetic Field and Zonal Flux Velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 127, e2021JE007138, doi:10.1029/2021JE007138
A29 Yadav, R.K., Cao, H., Bloxham, J., 2022. A Dynamo Simulation Generating Saturn-Like Small Magnetic Dipole Tilts. Geophy. Res. Lett. 49, e2021GL097280, doi: 10.1029/2021GL097280
A28 Kulowski, L., Cao, H., Yadav, R.K., Bloxham, J., 2021. Investigating Barotropic Zonal Flows in Jupiter’s Deep Atmosphere using Juno Gravitational Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 126, e2020JE006795, doi:10.1029/2020JE006795
A27 Moore, K.M., Bolton, B., Cao, H., Dougherty, M.D., Bloxham, J., 2021. No Evidence for Time Variation in Saturn’s Internal Magnetic Field. Planetary Science Journal 2, 181, doi:10.3847/PSJ/ac173c
A26 Steinbrügge, G., Dumberry, M., Rivoldini, A., Schubert, G., Cao, H., Schroeder, D.M., Soderlund, K.M. 2020. Challenges on Mercury’s interior structure posed by the new measurements of its obliquity and tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2020GL089895, doi:10.1029/2020GL089895
A25 Agiwal, O., Cao, H., Cowley, S.W.H., Dougherty, M.K., Hunt, G.J., Müller-Wodarg, I., Achilleos, N., 2020. Constraining the Temporal Variability of Neutral Winds in Saturn’s Low-Latitude Ionosphere using Magnetic Field Measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 126, e2020JE006578, doi:10.1029/2020JE006578
A24 Southwood, D.J., Cao, H., Shebanits, O., Elsden, T., Hunt, G.J., Dougherty, M.K., 2021. Discovery of Alfvén waves planet-ward of Saturn’s rings. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126, e2020JA028473, doi:10.1029/2020JA028473
A23 Kulowski, L., Cao, H., Bloxham, J., 2020. Contributions to Jupiter’s gravity field from dynamics in the dynamo region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 125, e2019JE006165, doi:10.1029/2019JE006165
A22 Hunt, G.J., Bunce, E.J., Cao, H., Cowley, S.W.H., Dougherty, M.K., Provan, G., Southwood, D.J., 2020. Saturn’s auroral field-aligned currents: Observations from the northern hemisphere dawn sector during Cassini’s Proximal orbits. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125, e2019JA027683. doi:10.1029/2019JA027683
A21 Shebanits, O., Hadid, L.Z., Cao, H., Morooka, M.W., Hunt, G.J., Dougherty, M.K., Wahlund, J.-E., Waite, J.H., Müller-Wodarg, I., 2020. Saturn’s near-equatorial ionospheric conductivities from in situ measurements. Scientific Reports 10, 7932, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64787-7
A20 Cao, H., Dougherty, M.K., Hunt, G.J., Provan, Cowley, S.W.H., Bunce, E.J., Kellock, S., Stevenson, D.J., 2020. The landscape of Saturn’s internal magnetic field from the Cassini Grand Finale. Icarus 344, 113541, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113541
A19 Provan, G., Cowley, S.W.H., Bunce, E.J., Bradley, T.J., Hunt, G.J., Cao, H., Dougherty, M.K.,2019. Magnetic field observations on Cassini’s proximal periapsis passes: Planetary period oscillations and mean residual fields. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, 8814– 8864, doi:10.1029/2019JA026800
A18 Moore, K.M., Cao, H., Bloxham, J., Stevenson, D.J., Connerney, J.E.P., Bolton, S.J., 2019. Time-variation of Jupiter’s internal magnetic field consistent with zonal wind advection. Nature Astronomy 3, 730 – 735, doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0772-5
A17 Hunt, G.J., Cowley, S.W.H., Provan, G., Cao, H., Bunce, E.J., Dougherty, M.K., Southwood, D.J., 2019. Currents Associated with Saturn’s Intra-D Ring Azimuthal Field Perturbations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, 5675 – 5691, doi:10.1029/2019JA026588
A16 Zeng, L., Jacobsen, S.B., Sasselov, D.D., …, Cao, H., Levi, A., Wordsworth, R.,2019. Growth Model Interpretation of Planet Size Distribution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116 (20), 9723 – 9728, doi:10.1073/pnas.1812905116
A15 Provan, G., Cowley, S.W.H., Bunce, E.J., Bradley, T.J., Hunt, G.J., Cao, H., Dougherty, M.K., 2019. Variability of Intra-D Ring Azimuthal Magnetic Field Profiles Observed on Cassini’s Proximal Periapsis Passes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, 379– 404, doi:10.1029/2018JA026121
A14 Cao, H., Yadav, Y., Aurnou, J.M., 2018. Geomagnetic polar minima do not arise from steady meridional circulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115 (44), 11186 – 11191, doi:10.1073/pnas.1717454115
A13 Dougherty, M.K., Cao, H., Khurana, K.K., et al., 2018. Saturn’s magnetic field revealed by the Cassini Grand Finale. Science 362, eaat5434. doi:10.1126/science.aat5434
A12 Moore, K.M., Yadav, R., Kulowski, L., Cao, H., Bloxham, J., et al., 2018. A complex dynamo inferred from the hemispheric dichotomy of Jupiter’s magnetic field. Nature 561, 76 – 78, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0468-5
A11 Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E.,Hubbard, W.B.,Stevenson, D.J.,Bolton, S.J.,Iess, L.,Guillot, T., Bloxham, J., Connerney, J.E.P., Cao, H., et al., 2018. Jupiter’s atmospheric jet-streams extend to thousands of kilometres deep. Nature 555, 223 – 226. doi:10.1038/nature25793
A10 Guillot,T., Miguel, Y.,Militzer, B.,Hubbard, W.B., Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E., Cao, H., et al., 2018. A suppression of differential rotation in Jupiter’s deep interior. Nature 555, 227 – 230. doi:10.1038/nature25775
A9 Iess, L., Folkner, W.M., Durante, D., Parisi, M., Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E., Guillot, T., Hubbard, W.B., Stevenson, D.J., Anderson, J.D., Buccino, D.R., Casajus, L., Milani, A., Park, R., Racioppa, P., Serra, D., Tortora, P., Zannoni, M., Cao, H., et al., 2018. The measurement of Jupiter’s asymmetric gravity field. Nature 555, 220 – 222. doi:10.1038/nature25776
A8 Christensen, U. R., Cao, H., Dougherty, M.K., Khurana, K.K., 2018. Saturn’s Magnetic Field and Dynamo. In Saturn in the 21st Century edited by Kevin Baines, Michael Flasar, Norbert Krupp, and Thomas Stallard, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781316227220.004
A7 Galanti, E., Cao, H., Kaspi, Y., 2017. Constraining Jupiter’s internal flows using Juno magnetic and gravity measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 8173 – 8181. doi:10.1002/2017GL074903
A6 Cao, H., Stevenson, D. J., 2017b. Zonal Flow Magnetic Field Interaction in the Semi-Conducting Region of Giant Planets. Icarus 296, 59 – 72, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.05.015
A5 Cao, H., Stevenson, D. J., 2017a. Gravity and Zonal Flows of Giant Planets: From the Euler Equation to the Thermal Wind Equation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 122, 1 – 15, doi:10.1002/2017JE005272
A4 Cao, H., Aurnou, J. M., Wicht, J., Dietrich, W., Soderlund, K.M., Russell, C. T., 2014. A dynamo explanation for Mercury’s anomalous magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 4127 – 4134. doi:10.1002/2014GL060196
A3 Cao, H., Russell, C.T., Christensen, U.R., Wicht, J., Dougherty, M.K., 2012. Saturn’s High Degree Magnetic Moments: Evidence for a Unique Planetary Dynamo. Icarus 221, 388 – 394. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.007
A2 Cao, H., Russell, C.T., Christensen, U.R., Dougherty, M.K., Burton, M.E., 2011. Saturn’s very axisymmetric magnetic field: No detectable secular variation or tilt. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 304, 22 – 28. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.035
A1 Wang, Y.M., Cao, H., Chen, J.H., Zhang, T.F., Yu, S.J., et al., 2010. Solar Limb Prominence Catcher & Tracker (SLIPCAT): An automated system and its preliminary statistical results. The Astrophys. J. 717(2), 973 – 986. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/717/2/973
B. Study Reports, White Papers
B3 Tiscareno, M.S., Vaquero, M, Hedman, M.M., Cao, H., Estrada, P.R., Ingersoll, A.P., et al. 2021. The Saturn Ring Skimmer Mission Concept: The next step to explore Saturn’s rings, atmosphere, interior and inner magnetosphere. Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032 white paper e-id. 372; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 53, Issue 4. doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.82f6e9ff, arXiv:2007.15767
B2 Hsu, H.W., Sulaiman, A., Cao, H., Hedman, M.M., Agiwal, O., Altobelli, N., Baillie, K., et al. 2020. Ice Giants – The Return of the Rings. Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032 white paper e-id. 182; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 53, Issue 4. doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.b28bf609
B1 Lazio, J., Shkolnik, E, Hallinan, G., Cao, H., Driscoll, P., Farrell, W., France, K., et al. 2016. Planetary Magnetic Fields – Planetary Interiors and Habitability. Study Report for the Keck Institute of Space Studies (KISS). https://kiss.caltech.edu/final_reports/Magnetic_final_report.pdf