{"id":66,"date":"2023-02-10T06:08:32","date_gmt":"2023-02-10T06:08:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/?page_id=66"},"modified":"2026-01-10T00:48:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T00:48:54","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A. Peer-Reviewed <\/strong>
(25 first- and second-author publications, including in Science<\/em>, Nature<\/em>, PNAS<\/em>, Nature Astronomy<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A48 Webster, K., Ma, Y., Sun, W., Cao, H.<\/strong> 2026. Magnetotail flapping event at Mars: A simultaneous view from MAVEN and InSight. The Planetary Science Journal<\/em>,<\/em> submitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A47 Wulff, P.N., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Aurnou, J.M. 2026. A new scaling law for non-dipolar magnetic fields in rapidly rotating stars and planets. Astronomy & Astrophysics,<\/em> submitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A46 Markham, S., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J. 2026. Thin, deep stable layer in Jupiter revealed by partial axisymmetrization of Jupiter’s magnetic field as measured by Juno. The Planetary Science Journal,<\/em> submitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A45 Dunnigan, A.H., Liu, D., Steinbr\u00fcgge, G., Rivoldini, A., Dumberry, M., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Soderlund, K.M. 2026. Interior Models of Mercury and Conditions for Iron Snow Formation in a Fe-S-Si core. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets,<\/em> submitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A44 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Wulff, P.N. Markham, S. 2026. The Deep Atmosphere of Jupiter. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science<\/em>, submitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A43 Hadid, L.Z., Chust, T., Wahlund, J.-E., …, Cao, H.<\/strong>, Kurth, W.S., Dougherty, M.K. 2026. Evidence of an extended Alfv\u00e9n wing system at Enceladus: Cassini’s multi-instrument observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,<\/em> accepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A42 Strangeway, R.J., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Orrill, E., Caron, R.P., Pierce, D., et al. 2025. The TRACERS Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG). Space Sci. Rev.<\/em> 221 84, doi:10.1007\/s11214-025-01212-3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A41 Wulff, P.N., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Aurnou, J.M. 2025. On the meaning of the dynamo radius in giant planets with stable layers. The Astrophysical Journal<\/em>, 992, 50, doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/adf736<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A40 Miles, D.M., Kletzing, C.A., Fuselier, S.A., Goodrich, K.A., Bonnell, J.W., Bounds, S., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Cairns, I.H., Chen, L.J., Christopher, I.W., Cleveland, K., Connor, H.K., Crawford, D., et al. 2025. The Tandem Reconnection And Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) Mission. Space Sci. Rev.<\/em> 221 61. doi:10.1007\/s11214-025-01184-4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A39 Soderlund, K.M., Stanley, S., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Calkins, M.A., Browning, M.K. 2025. Puzzles in Planetary Dynamos: Implications for Planetary Interiors. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 53:13.1-13.33. doi:10.1146\/annurev-earth-111523- 081635<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A38 Van Hoolst, T., Tobie, G., Vallat, C., Altobelli, N., Bruzzone, Cao, H.<\/strong>, et al., 2024. Geophysical Characterization of the Interiors of Ganymede, Callisto and Europa by ESA\u2019s JUpiter ICy moons Explorer. Space Sci. Rev.<\/em> 220, 54. doi:10.1007\/s11214-024-01085-y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A37 Agiwal, O., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Hsu, H.W., Moore, L. Sulaiman, A.H., O’Donoghue, J., and Dougherty, M.K., 2024. Current Events at Saturn: Ring-planet Electromagnetic Coupling. Planetary Science Journal<\/em><\/em> 5, 134. doi:10.3847\/PSJ\/ad4343<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A36 Bloxham, J., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Stevenson, D.J., Connerney, J.E. and Bolton, S.J., 2024. A rapidly time-varying equatorial jet in Jupiter\u2019s deep interior. Nature<\/em> 627, 64-66. doi:10.1038\/s41586-024-07046-3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A35 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J., Park, R.S., Militzer, B., Yadav, R.K., Kulowski, L., Stevenson, D.J. and Bolton, S.J., 2023. Strong resemblance between surface and deep zonal winds inside Jupiter revealed by high-degree gravity moments. The Astrophysical Journal<\/em> 959<\/em>, 78, doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad0cbb<\/a>, arXiv:2311.11494<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A34 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dougherty, M.K., Hunt, G.J., Bunce, E.J., Christensen, U.R., Khurana, K.K., Kivelson, M.G., 2023. Saturn\u2019s Magnetic Field at Unprecedented Detail Achieved by Cassini\u2019s Close Encounters. In Saturn after the Cassini Grand Finale<\/em> edited by Kevin Baines, Michael Flasar, Norbert Krupp, and Thomas Stallard, Cambridge University Press. arXiv:2301.02756<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A33 Yadav, R.K., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J., 2022. A Global Simulation of the Dynamo, Zonal Jets, and Vortices on Saturn. The Astrophysical Journal<\/em> 940, 185, doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac9d94<\/a>, arXiv:2212.10617<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A32 Kamran, A., Bunce, E.J., Cowley, S.W.H., James, M.K., Nichols, J.D., Provan, G., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Hue, V., Greathouse, T.K, Gladstone, G.R., 2022. Azimuthal field signatures associated with magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in the Jovian magnetosphere: Comparison between Juno observations and theoretical modelling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/em> 127, e2022JA030431. doi:10.1029\/2022JA030431<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A31 Militzer, B., Hubbard, W.B., Wahl, S, Lunine, J.I., Galanti, E., Kaspi, Y., Miguel, Y., Guillot, T., Moore, K.M., Parisi, M., Connerney, J.E.P., Helled, R., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Mankovich, C., Stevenson, D.J., Park, R.S., Wong, M., Atreya, S., Anderson, J., Bolton, S., 2022. Juno Spacecraft Measurements of Jupiter\u2019s Gravity Imply a Dilute Core. Planetary Science Journal<\/em> 3, 185, doi:10.3847\/PSJ\/ac7ec8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A30 Bloxham, J., Moore, K.M., Kulowski, L., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Yadav, R.K., Stevenson, D.J. Connerney, J.E.P., Bolton, S., 2022. Differential Rotation in Jupiter\u2019s Interior Revealed by Simultaneous Inversion for the Magnetic Field and Zonal Flux Velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets<\/em> 127, e2021JE007138, doi:10.1029\/2021JE007138<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A29 Yadav, R.K., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J., 2022. A Dynamo Simulation Generating Saturn-Like Small Magnetic Dipole Tilts. Geophy. Res. Lett.<\/em> 49, e2021GL097280, doi: 10.1029\/2021GL097280<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A28 Kulowski, L., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Yadav, R.K., Bloxham, J., 2021. Investigating Barotropic Zonal Flows in Jupiter\u2019s Deep Atmosphere using Juno Gravitational Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets<\/em> 126, e2020JE006795, doi:10.1029\/2020JE006795<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A27 Moore, K.M., Bolton, B., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dougherty, M.D., Bloxham, J., 2021. No Evidence for Time Variation in Saturn\u2019s Internal Magnetic Field. Planetary Science Journal<\/em> 2, 181, doi:10.3847\/PSJ\/ac173c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A26 Steinbr\u00fcgge, G., Dumberry, M., Rivoldini, A., Schubert, G., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Schroeder, D.M., Soderlund, K.M. 2020. Challenges on Mercury\u2019s interior structure posed by the new measurements of its obliquity and tides. Geophys. Res. Lett.<\/em> 48, e2020GL089895, doi:10.1029\/2020GL089895<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A25 Agiwal, O., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Cowley, S.W.H., Dougherty, M.K., Hunt, G.J., M\u00fcller-Wodarg, I., Achilleos, N., 2020. Constraining the Temporal Variability of Neutral Winds in Saturn\u2019s Low-Latitude Ionosphere using Magnetic Field Measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets<\/em> 126, e2020JE006578, doi:10.1029\/2020JE006578<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A24 Southwood, D.J., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Shebanits, O., Elsden, T., Hunt, G.J., Dougherty, M.K., 2021. Discovery of Alfv\u00e9n waves planet-ward of Saturn\u2019s rings. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/em> 126, e2020JA028473, doi:10.1029\/2020JA028473<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A23 Kulowski, L., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J., 2020. Contributions to Jupiter\u2019s gravity field from dynamics in the dynamo region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets<\/em> 125, e2019JE006165, doi:10.1029\/2019JE006165<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A22 Hunt, G.J., Bunce, E.J., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Cowley, S.W.H., Dougherty, M.K., Provan, G., Southwood, D.J., 2020. Saturn’s auroral field-aligned currents: Observations from the northern hemisphere dawn sector during Cassini’s Proximal orbits. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/em> 125, e2019JA027683. doi:10.1029\/2019JA027683<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A21 Shebanits, O., Hadid, L.Z., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Morooka, M.W., Hunt, G.J., Dougherty, M.K., Wahlund, J.-E., Waite, J.H., M\u00fcller-Wodarg, I., 2020. Saturn\u2019s near-equatorial ionospheric conductivities from in situ measurements. Scientific Reports<\/em> 10, 7932, doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-64787-7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A20 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dougherty, M.K., Hunt, G.J., Provan, Cowley, S.W.H., Bunce, E.J., Kellock, S., Stevenson, D.J., 2020. The landscape of Saturn\u2019s internal magnetic field from the Cassini Grand Finale. Icarus<\/em> 344, 113541, doi:10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.113541<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A19 Provan, G., Cowley, S.W.H., Bunce, E.J., Bradley, T.J., Hunt, G.J., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dougherty, M.K.,2019. Magnetic field observations on Cassini\u2019s proximal periapsis passes: Planetary period oscillations and mean residual fields. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/em> 124, 8814\u2013 8864, doi:10.1029\/2019JA026800<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A18 Moore, K.M., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J., Stevenson, D.J., Connerney, J.E.P., Bolton, S.J., 2019. Time-variation of Jupiter\u2019s internal magnetic field consistent with zonal wind advection. Nature Astronomy<\/em> 3, 730 – 735, doi:10.1038\/s41550-019-0772-5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A17 Hunt, G.J., Cowley, S.W.H., Provan, G., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bunce, E.J., Dougherty, M.K., Southwood, D.J., 2019. Currents Associated with Saturn\u2019s Intra-D Ring Azimuthal Field Perturbations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/em> 124, 5675 \u2013 5691, doi:10.1029\/2019JA026588<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A16 Zeng, L., Jacobsen, S.B., Sasselov, D.D., …, Cao, H.<\/strong>, Levi, A., Wordsworth, R.,2019. Growth Model Interpretation of Planet Size Distribution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.<\/em> 116 (20), 9723 – 9728, doi:10.1073\/pnas.1812905116<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A15 Provan, G., Cowley, S.W.H., Bunce, E.J., Bradley, T.J., Hunt, G.J., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dougherty, M.K., 2019. Variability of Intra-D Ring Azimuthal Magnetic Field Profiles Observed on Cassini\u2019s Proximal Periapsis Passes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics<\/em> 124, 379\u2013 404, doi:10.1029\/2018JA026121<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A14 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Yadav, Y., Aurnou, J.M., 2018. Geomagnetic polar minima do not arise from steady meridional circulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.<\/em> 115 (44), 11186 – 11191, doi:10.1073\/pnas.1717454115<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A13 Dougherty, M.K., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Khurana, K.K., et al., 2018. Saturn\u2019s magnetic field revealed by the Cassini Grand Finale. Science<\/em> 362, eaat5434. doi:10.1126\/science.aat5434<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A12 Moore, K.M., Yadav, R., Kulowski, L., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Bloxham, J., et al., 2018. A complex dynamo inferred from the hemispheric dichotomy of Jupiter\u2019s magnetic field. Nature<\/em> 561, 76 – 78, doi:10.1038\/s41586-018-0468-5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A11 Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E.,Hubbard, W.B.,Stevenson, D.J.,Bolton, S.J.,Iess, L.,Guillot, T., Bloxham, J., Connerney, J.E.P., Cao, H.<\/strong>, et al., 2018. Jupiter\u2019s atmospheric jet-streams extend to thousands of kilometres deep. Nature<\/em> 555, 223 – 226. doi:10.1038\/nature25793<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A10 Guillot,T., Miguel, Y.,Militzer, B.,Hubbard, W.B., Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E., Cao, H.<\/strong>, et al., 2018. A suppression of differential rotation in Jupiter\u2019s deep interior. Nature<\/em> 555, 227 – 230. doi:10.1038\/nature25775<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A9 Iess, L., Folkner, W.M., Durante, D., Parisi, M., Kaspi, Y., Galanti, E., Guillot, T., Hubbard, W.B., Stevenson, D.J., Anderson, J.D., Buccino, D.R., Casajus, L., Milani, A., Park, R., Racioppa, P., Serra, D., Tortora, P., Zannoni, M., Cao, H.<\/strong>, et al., 2018. The measurement of Jupiter\u2019s asymmetric gravity field. Nature<\/em> 555, 220 – 222. doi:10.1038\/nature25776<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A8 Christensen, U. R., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dougherty, M.K., Khurana, K.K., 2018. Saturn\u2019s Magnetic Field and Dynamo. In Saturn in the 21st Century<\/em> edited by Kevin Baines, Michael Flasar, Norbert Krupp, and Thomas Stallard, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017\/9781316227220.004<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A7 Galanti, E., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Kaspi, Y., 2017. Constraining Jupiter\u2019s internal flows using Juno magnetic and gravity measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett.<\/em> 44, 8173 – 8181. doi:10.1002\/2017GL074903<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A6 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Stevenson, D. J., 2017b. Zonal Flow Magnetic Field Interaction in the Semi-Conducting Region of Giant Planets. Icarus<\/em> 296, 59 – 72, doi:10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.05.015<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A5 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Stevenson, D. J., 2017a. Gravity and Zonal Flows of Giant Planets: From the Euler Equation to the Thermal Wind Equation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets<\/em> 122, 1 – 15, doi:10.1002\/2017JE005272<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A4 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Aurnou, J. M., Wicht, J., Dietrich, W., Soderlund, K.M., Russell, C. T., 2014. A dynamo explanation for Mercury\u2019s anomalous magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett.<\/em> 41, 4127 – 4134. doi:10.1002\/2014GL060196<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A3 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Russell, C.T., Christensen, U.R., Wicht, J., Dougherty, M.K., 2012. Saturn\u2019s High Degree Magnetic Moments: Evidence for a Unique Planetary Dynamo. Icarus<\/em> 221, 388 – 394. doi:10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.08.007<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A2 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Russell, C.T., Christensen, U.R., Dougherty, M.K., Burton, M.E., 2011. Saturn\u2019s very axisymmetric magnetic field: No detectable secular variation or tilt. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett.<\/em> 304, 22 – 28. doi:10.1016\/j.epsl.2011.02.035<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A1 Wang, Y.M., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Chen, J.H., Zhang, T.F., Yu, S.J., et al., 2010. Solar Limb Prominence Catcher & Tracker (SLIPCAT): An automated system and its preliminary statistical results. The Astrophys. J.<\/em> 717(2), 973 – 986. doi:10.1088\/0004-637X\/717\/2\/973<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. Study Reports, White Papers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B6 Cao, H.<\/strong>, Kuang, W., Cheng, J.S., Aurnou, J.M., 2024. Revealing whole Earth dynamics through geomagnetism: From core to magnetosphere. White paper for NASA Earth Science CORE 2.0 Report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B5 Kuang, W., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Aurnou, J.M., Sabaka, T.J., Gwirtz, K., 2024. Probing Covariation of Earth Systems via Geomagnetic Investigation. White paper for NASA Earth Science CORE 2.0 Report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B4 Hofstadter, M., Helled, R., Stevenson, D.J., Bethkenhagen, M., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Dong, J.J., Moutamid, M. El., Ermakov, A., Fuller, J., Guillot, T., Idini, B., Izidoro, A., Kaspi, Y., Kovacevic., T., Lainey, V., Levin, S., Lunine, J., et al., Determining the Interior Structure of Uranus: A Case Study for Leveraging Cross-Discipline Science to Answer Tough Questions. Study Report for the Keck Institute of Space Studies (KISS). https:\/\/kiss.caltech.edu\/final_reports\/Uranus_final_report.pdf<\/a>,
doi:10.7907\/1k6kh-fjs6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B3 Tiscareno, M.S., Vaquero, M, Hedman, M.M., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Estrada, P.R., Ingersoll, A.P., et al. 2021. The Saturn Ring Skimmer Mission Concept: The next step to explore Saturn\u2019s rings, atmosphere, interior and inner magnetosphere. Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032 white paper e-id. 372; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 53, Issue 4. doi:10.3847\/25c2cfeb.82f6e9ff<\/a>, arXiv:2007.15767<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B2 Hsu, H.W., Sulaiman, A., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Hedman, M.M., Agiwal, O., Altobelli, N., Baillie, K., et al. 2020. Ice Giants \u2013 The Return of the Rings. Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032 white paper e-id. 182; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 53, Issue 4. doi:10.3847\/25c2cfeb.b28bf609<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B1 Lazio, J., Shkolnik, E, Hallinan, G., Cao, H.<\/strong>, Driscoll, P., Farrell, W., France, K., et al. 2016. Planetary Magnetic Fields – Planetary Interiors and Habitability. Study Report for the Keck Institute of Space Studies (KISS). https:\/\/kiss.caltech.edu\/final_reports\/Magnetic_final_report.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A. Peer-Reviewed (25 first- and second-author publications, including in Science, Nature, PNAS, Nature Astronomy) A48 Webster, K., Ma, Y., Sun, W., Cao, H. 2026. Magnetotail flapping event at Mars: A simultaneous view from MAVEN and InSight. The Planetary Science Journal, submitted. A47 Wulff, P.N., Cao, H., Aurnou, J.M. 2026. A new scaling law for non-dipolar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-66","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/66","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/43"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66"}],"version-history":[{"count":59,"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/66\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":279,"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/66\/revisions\/279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.epss.ucla.edu\/hcao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}